Numbers-Chapter-28

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Remember the following truth from our beloved Torah!

Ye shall NOT ADD TO THE WORD which I command you, NEITHER SHALL YE DIMINISH FROM IT, that ye may keep the commandments of יְהוָה אֱלֹהֵיכֶם - the LORD your Eloleichem, which I command you”. Davarim - Deuteronomy 4:2. (JPS-1917).

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“Numbers Chapter 28”

With Rabbi, Dr. Reuven Ben Avraham-Goossens, PhD.

Introduction:

Numbers Chapter 28 serves as a comprehensive liturgical calendar for the nation of Israel, detailing the communal offerings (Korbanot) that maintain the constant bond between the people and the Divine. Moving from the individual rights and leadership transition of the previous chapter, the Torah now focuses on the collective rhythm of holiness. This chapter establishes the “perpetual” nature of devotion, ensuring that whether it is a weekday, a Sabbath, a New Moon, or a Festival, the community remains centered on its spiritual purpose through consistent, unblemished service.

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Let us read Numbers Chapter 28, verses 1 to 31: (JPS-1917 version of the Torah). Below this chapter you will find my commentary for this study.

1 “And יְהוָה - the LORD spoke unto Moses, saying: 2 Command the children of Israel, and say unto them: My food which is presented unto Me for offerings made by fire, of a sweet savour unto Me, shall ye observe to offer unto Me in its due season. 3 And thou shalt say unto them: This is the offering made by fire which ye shall bring unto יְהוָה - the LORD: he-lambs of the first year without blemish, two day by day, for a continual burnt-offering. 4 The one lamb shalt thou offer in the morning, and the other lamb shalt thou offer at dusk; 5 and the tenth part of an ephah of fine flour for a meal-offering, mingled with the fourth part of a hin of beaten oil. 6 It is a continual burnt-offering, which was offered in mount Sinai, for a sweet savour, an offering made by fire unto יְהוָה - the LORD. 7 And the drink-offering thereof shall be the fourth part of a hin for the one lamb; in the holy place shalt thou pour out a drink-offering of strong drink unto יְהוָה - the LORD. 8 And the other lamb shalt thou present at dusk; as the meal-offering of the morning, and as the drink-offering thereof, thou shalt present it, an offering made by fire, of a sweet savour unto יְהוָה - the LORD. 9 And on the Sabbath day two he-lambs of the first year without blemish, and two tenth parts of an ephah of fine flour for a meal-offering, mingled with oil, and the drink-offering thereof. 10 This is the burnt-offering of every Sabbath, beside the continual burnt-offering, and the drink-offering thereof. 11 And in your new moons ye shall present a burnt-offering unto יְהוָה - the LORD: two young bullocks, and one ram, seven he-lambs of the first year without blemish; 12 and three tenth parts of an ephah of fine flour for a meal-offering, mingled with oil, for each bullock; and two tenth parts of fine flour for a meal-offering, mingled with oil, for the one ram; 13 and a several tenth part of fine flour mingled with oil for a meal-offering unto every lamb; for a burnt-offering of a sweet savour, an offering made by fire unto יְהוָה - the LORD. 14 And their drink-offerings shall be half a hin of wine for a bullock, and the third part of a hin for the ram, and the fourth part of a hin for a lamb. This is the burnt-offering of every new moon throughout the months of the year. 15 And one he-goat for a sin-offering unto יְהוָה - the LORD; it shall be offered beside the continual burnt-offering, and the drink-offering thereof. 16 And in the first month, on the fourteenth day of the month, is יְהוָה - the LORD’s Passover. 17 And on the fifteenth day of this month shall be a feast; seven days shall unleavened bread be eaten. 18 In the first day shall be a holy convocation; ye shall do no manner of servile work; 19 but ye shall present an offering made by fire, a burnt-offering unto יְהוָה - the LORD: two young bullocks, and one ram, and seven he-lambs of the first year; they shall be unto you without blemish; 20 and their meal-offering, fine flour mingled with oil; three tenth parts shall ye offer for a bullock, and two tenth parts for the ram; 21 a several tenth part shalt thou offer for every lamb of the seven lambs; 22 and one he-goat for a sin-offering, to make atonement for you. 23 Ye shall offer these beside the burnt-offering of the morning, which is for a continual burnt-offering. 24 After this manner ye shall offer daily, for seven days, the food of the offering made by fire, of a sweet savour unto יְהוָה - the LORD; it shall be offered beside the continual burnt-offering, and the drink-offering thereof. 25 And on the seventh day ye shall have a holy convocation; ye shall do no manner of servile work. 26 Also in the day of the first-fruits, when ye bring a new meal-offering unto יְהוָה - the LORD in your feast of weeks, ye shall have a holy convocation: ye shall do no manner of servile work; 27 but ye shall present a burnt-offering for a sweet savour unto יְהוָה - the LORD: two young bullocks, one ram, seven he-lambs of the first year; 28 and their meal-offering, fine flour mingled with oil, three tenth parts for each bullock, two tenth parts for the one ram, 29 a several tenth part for every lamb of the seven lambs; 30 one he-goat, to make atonement for you. 31 Beside the continual burnt-offering, and the meal-offering thereof, ye shall offer them, they shall be unto you without blemish and their drink-offerings.

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Below is my Commentary on Numbers Chapter 28:

Verse 1: The Eternal speaks to Moses, initiating a new set of instructions regarding the communal service. This transition marks the move from civil and leadership laws to the laws of national worship.

Verse 2: Moses is commanded to charge the people with bringing the offerings in their “due season”. The terminology “My food” is used metaphorically to emphasize that these offerings are the “bread” of the communal relationship with the Divine.

Verse 3: The Tamid (continual) offering is introduced: two yearling lambs without blemish are to be offered every single day, one in the morning and one in the evening. This represents the constant, unwavering presence of the Divine in daily life.

Verse 4: The timing is specific: one lamb is offered at daybreak and the second “between the evenings” (dusk). This bookends the day in holiness, ensuring no day passes without a communal expression of gratitude.

Verse 5: Alongside the animal offering, a meal-offering of fine flour mixed with beaten oil is required. This acknowledges the produce of the land and the labour of the people as part of their service.

Verse 6: The text reminds the people that this is the same “continual burnt-offering” ordained at Mount Horeb. It provides a direct link between the revelation at the mountain and the ongoing life of the nation in the wilderness and the Land.

Verse 7: A drink-offering of strong wine is to be poured out in the holy place. The use of wine signifies joy and the sanctification of the physical world through the act of libation.

Verse 8: The evening lamb is offered with the same proportions as the morning, maintaining perfect symmetry in the daily service.

Verse 9: The Sabbath offering is introduced as an addition to the daily Tamid. On the seventh day, two additional lambs are brought, signaling that the Sabbath possesses a "double portion" of sanctity.

Verse 10: This Sabbath burnt-offering is distinct and added on top of the daily requirement, teaching that the special holiness of the day does not replace the consistency of the daily routine.

Verse 11: The Rosh Chodesh (New Moon) offerings are detailed. The beginning of each month is marked with a significant expansion of the sacrifices, including young bullocks, a ram, and seven lambs, celebrating the renewal of time.

Verse 12-14: Specific measurements for meal-offerings and drink-offerings are provided for each animal the bullock, the ram, and the lamb. This precision ensures that the service is conducted with order and intentionality.

Verse 15: A he-goat is added as a sin-offering on the New Moon. This acknowledges the need for communal atonement and purification as the nation enters a new month.

Verse 16: The focus shifts to the spring: the fourteenth day of the first month is designated as the Passover of the Eternal, the anniversary of the Exodus.

Verse 17: For seven days thereafter, the Feast of Unleavened Bread (Matzot) is observed. The eating of unleavened bread serves as a reminder of the haste of the redemption and the removal of ego (represented by leaven).

Verse 18: The first day of the festival is a “holy convocation”. No “manner of servile work” is to be done, allowing the people to focus entirely on the spiritual significance of the day.

Verse 19-23: The specific animal offerings for each of the seven days of Passover are listed. Just like the New Moon, these are brought in addition to the morning Tamid, layering festive joy upon daily discipline.

Verse 24: The Torah repeats that these shall be offered “daily” throughout the seven days, emphasizing that the celebration of freedom requires sustained effort and consistency.

Verse 25: The seventh day of Passover is also a holy convocation with a prohibition on servile work, concluding the festival with the same level of sanctity with which it began.

Verse 26: The “Day of First-fruits” (Shavuot) is introduced. This occurs when the new meal-offering is brought, marking the harvest and the spiritual culmination of the count from Passover.

Verse 27-30: The offerings for Shavuot mirror those of the New Moon and Passover, creating a consistent “festive standard” for the major holidays.

Verse 31: The chapter concludes by reiterating that all animals must be “without blemish”. This serves as a reminder that when we offer ourselves or our resources to a higher purpose, we must strive to do so with our best, most whole-hearted efforts.

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My Closing Message:

Numbers Chapter 28 teaches us the power of consistency. By establishing the Tamid the daily, unceasing offering the Torah reminds us that holiness is not found only in grand, occasional gestures, but in the steady rhythm of our daily lives. Whether it is the quiet devotion of a weekday morning or the communal joy of a festival, the goal remains the same: to live with an awareness of the Divine presence in every season and every moment.

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שָׁלוֹם עֲלֵיכֶם Shalom Aleichem - Peace be with you!

Rabbi, Dr. Reuven Ben Avraham-Goossens, PhD.

 

 

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