Joshua-Chapter-20

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Throughout this site I may use any of the following three versions of the Tanakh: 1. “Jewish Publication Society” (JPS-1917), 2“Mechon-Mamre.org (MEC), and 3. “Sefaria.org (SEF), three brilliant versions, although JPS-1917 is my preferred version!

Colour coded details of our beloved TaNaKh:

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Please Note: Some alterations or (additions) have been made relating to ‘Names’ and ‘Attributes’ of אֱלֹהִים - Elohim, having been corrected like it once was pre the “Masoretic Text”.

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Remember the following truth from our beloved Torah!

Ye shall NOT ADD TO THE WORD which I command you, NEITHER SHALL YE DIMINISH FROM IT, that ye may keep the commandments of יְהוָה אֱלֹהֵיכֶם - the LORD your Eloleichem, which I command you”. Davarim - Deuteronomy 4:2. (JPS-1917).

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“Joshua Chapter 20”

With Rabbi, Dr. Reuven Ben Avraham-Goossens, PhD.

Introduction:  Joshua Chapter 20

Chapter 20 of the Book of Joshua marks a critical transition from the military conquest and territorial allotment to the establishment of civil justice and sanctity within the Land of Israel. Following the distribution of the land among the tribes, the narrative pauses to implement a Divine mandate originally set forth in the Torah (Numbers 35 and Deuteronomy 19). The establishment of the ‘Arei Miklat, or ‘Cities of Refuge’, ensures that the sanctity of the land is not defiled by the shedding of innocent blood through blood feuds. It provides a structured, legal sanctuary for those who have caused death through genuine accident, balancing the need for justice with the necessity of mercy.

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Joshua Chapter 20, verses 1 to 9: Whilst below the verses are the Explanation’s. (The Chapter is from JPS-1917 version of the Torah).

Verses 1-2:  And יְהוָה - the LORD spoke unto Joshua, saying: ‘Speak to the children of Israel, saying: Assign you the cities of refuge, whereof I spoke unto you by the hand of Moses;

Explanation: Verses 1 and 2 serve as the formal Divine command to Joshua to designate the specific cities that were promised through Moses. It establishes that the following laws are not mere suggestions, but an integral part of the covenantal law governing the land.

Verse 3: that the manslayer that killeth any person through error and unawares may flee thither; and they shall be unto you for a refuge from the avenger of blood.

Explanation: Verse 3 defines the specific legal category of the individual entitled to sanctuary: the “manslayer” who kills “unawares and unwittingly”. This distinguishes between premeditated murder and accidental manslaughter, providing a shield against the “avenger of blood” the kinsman of the deceased seeking immediate retribution.

Verse 4:  And he shall flee unto one of those cities, and shall stand at the entrance of the gate of the city, and declare his cause in the ears of the elders of that city; and they shall take him into the city unto them, and give him a place, that he may dwell among them.

Explanation: Verse 4 outlines the due process for seeking asylum. The individual must stand at the “entrance of the gate of the city”, which functioned as the public court of the time, and present his case to the elders. This ensures that entry into the city is a legal act recognized by the community leaders, rather than a clandestine escape.

Verse 5:  And if the avenger of blood pursue after him, then they shall not deliver up the manslayer into his hand; because he smote his neighbour unawares, and hated him not beforetime.

Explanation: Verse 5 prohibits the elders from surrendering the fugitive to the blood avenger if the act was truly accidental and committed without prior enmity. This places the burden of protection on the city itself.

Verse 6: And he shall dwell in that city, until he stand before the congregation for judgment, until the death of the high priest that shall be in those days; then may the manslayer return, and come unto his own city, and unto his own house, unto the city from whence he fled’.

Explanation: Verse 6 describes the duration of the sanctuary. The manslayer must remain in the city until two conditions are met: standing trial before the congregation to verify the accidental nature of the act, and the passing of the High Priest serving at that time. The death of the High Priest acts as a communal turning point that allows the manslayer to return to his ancestral home without fear of legal retribution.

Verse 7: And they set apart Kedesh in Galilee in the hill-country of Naphtali, and Shechem in the hill-country of Ephraim, and Kiriath-arba the same is Hebron in the hill-country of Judah.

Explanation: Verse 7 lists the three cities designated on the western side of the Jordan: Kedesh in Galilee (Naphtali), Shechem in the hill country of Ephraim, and Kiriath-arba, which is Hebron, in the hill country of Judah. These were strategically spread from north to south.

Verse 8: And beyond the Jordan at Jericho eastward, they assigned Bezer in the wilderness in the table-land out of the tribe of Reuben, and Ramoth in Gilead out of the tribe of Gad, and Golan in Bashan out of the tribe of Manasseh.

Explanation: Verse 8 identifies the three cities on the eastern side of the Jordan (the Transjordan): Bezer in the wilderness (Reuben), Ramoth in Gilead (Gad), and Golan in Bashan (Manasseh). This ensures that a place of refuge was accessible regardless of which side of the river the accident occurred.

Verse 9: These were the appointed cities for all the children of Israel, and for the stranger that sojourneth among them, that whosoever killeth any person through error might flee thither, and not die by the hand of the avenger of blood, until he stood before the congregation.

Explanation: Verse 9 concludes the chapter by clarifying that these cities were “appointed cities” for all of Israel and for any “stranger that sojourneth among them”. The law of sanctuary was universal within the land, ensuring that justice and protection from the blood avenger were rights extended to every inhabitant, regardless of tribal lineage or national origin.

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My Closing Message:

The institution of the Cities of Refuge reminds us that a functional society requires more than just boundaries and borders; it requires a mechanism for protecting the vulnerable and upholding the value of human life. By creating spaces where "intent" was the measure of guilt, the text elevates the legal standards of the nation. It teaches that while we cannot undo the tragedies of the past, we can prevent them from spiralling into further cycles of violence, thereby maintaining the moral integrity of our communities.

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שָׁלוֹם עֲלֵיכֶם Shalom Aleichem - Peace be with you!

Rabbi, Dr. Reuven Ben Avraham-Goossens, PhD.

 

 

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