Jacobs-Name-Change

 

 

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Please Note: Some alterations or (additions) have been made relating to ‘Names’ and ‘Attributes’ of אֱלֹהִים – Elohim (v), having been corrected like it once was pre the “Masoretic Text”.

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Remember the following truth from our beloved Torah!

Ye shall NOT ADD TO THE WORD which I command you, NEITHER SHALL YE DIMINISH FROM IT, that ye may keep the commandments of אֱלֹהֵיכֶם יְהוָה - the LORD your Eloleichem, which I command you”. Davarim - Deuteronomy 4:2. (JPS-1917).

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“Jacob’s Name Change”

With Rabbi, Dr. Reuven Ben Avraham-Goossens, PhD.

One fact about this study is that it has perplexed many commentators. After his wrestling match with the unnamed adversary, יַעֲקֹב - Jacob was told: “Your name shall no longer be Jacobbut יִשְׂרָאֵל - Israel, for you have striven with beings ‘Divine’ and ‘human’, and have prevailed” (Genesis 32:29, JPS-1917 translation). Or “Your name will no longer be said to be Jacob, but Israel. You have become great (sar) before אֱלֹהִים - Elohim and man. You have won." (Another translation).

This change of name takes place not once but twice. After the encounter with Esau, and the episode of Dina and Shechem, אֱלֹהִים - Elohim told Jacob to go to Beth El. Then we read:

“After Jacob returned from Paddan Aramאֱלֹהִים - Elohim appeared to him again and blessed him. אֱלֹהִים - Elohim said to him, ‘Your name is Jacob, but you will no longer be called Jacob; your name will be Israel.’ So He named him Israel”.

Genesis 35:9-10

Note, first, that this is not an adjustment of an existing name by the change or addition of a letter, as when אֱלֹהִים - Elohim changed Abram’s name to Abraham, or Sarai’s to Sarah. It is an entirely new name, as if to signal that what it represents is a complete change of character. Second, as we have seen, the name change happened not once but twice. Third and this is the puzzle of puzzles having said twice that his name will no longer be Jacob; the Torah continues to call him Jacob. אֱלֹהִים - Elohim Himself does so. So do we, every time we pray to the Elohim of ‘Abraham’, ‘Isaac’ and ‘Jacob’. How so, when the Torah twice tells us that his name will no longer be Jacob?

Let us suggest that “your name will no longer be called Jacob” means, “your name will no longer only be called Jacob.” You will have another name as well. This is ingenious, but hardly the plain sense of the verse. The future tense, as used in the Torah, means the near future, not the distant one, unless explicitly specified.

This is just one mystery among many when it comes to Jacob’s character and his relationship with his brother Esau. So difficult is it to understand the stories about them that, to make sense of them, they have been overlaid in Jewish tradition with a thick layer of the ‘Midrash’ that makes Esau to be perfectly evil and Jacob almost perfectly righteous. There is a clear need for such ‘Midrash’, for educational purposes. Esau and Jacob, as portrayed in the Torah, are too nuanced and complex to be the subject of simple moral lessons for young minds. Thus the ‘Midrash’ gives us a world of black and white. Rather sad really! The biblical text itself, though, is far more subtle. It does not actually state that Esau was bad and Jacob being good.

Or it may be that Esau represents the ‘Hunter’, considered a hero in many ancient cultures, but not so in the Torah, which represents the agrarian and pastoral ethic of farmers and shepherds. With the transition from hunter-gatherer to farmer and herdsman, the Hunter is no longer a hero and instead is seen as a figure of violence, especially when combined, as in the case of Esau, with a mercurial temperament. It is not so much that Esau is bad and Jacob good, but that Esau represents the world that was, while Jacob represents, a new world about to be brought into being, whose spirituality would be radically different, new and challenging. The fact that Jacob and Esau were twins is fundamental. Their relationship is one of the classic cases of sibling rivalry. 

That is what the name Jacob signifies. It is the name he acquired because he was born holding on to his Brother Esau’s heel. That was consistently his posture during the key events of his early life. He bought his brother’s birthright. He wore his brother’s clothes. At his mother’s request, he took his brother’s blessing. When asked by his father, “Who are you, my son?” He replied, “I am Esau, your firstborn.”

Jacob was the man who wanted to be Esau. Why so? Because Esau had one thing he did not have: his father’s love. “Isaac, who had a taste for wild game, loved Esau, but Rebecca loved Jacob.”

All that changed in the great wrestling match between Jacob and the unknown stranger. We are taught that this stranger was an angel in disguise. After they fight, he tells Jacob that his name would now be ‘Yisrael’ – ‘Israel’. The stated explanation of this name is: “for you have wrestled with אֱלֹהִים - Elohim and with man and have prevailed.” It also resonates with two other senses. ‘Sar means ‘prince, royalty’. ‘Yashar means ‘upright’. Both of these are in sharp contrast with the name ‘Jacob’, one who “holds on to his brother’s heel”.

How then are we to understand what, first the stranger, then אֱלֹהִים - Elohim, said to Jacob? Not as a statement, but as a ‘request’, a ‘challenge’, an ‘invitation’. Read it not as, “You will no longer be called Jacob but Israel.” Instead read it as, “Let your name no longer be Jacob but Israel”, meaning, “Act in such a way that this is what people call you”. Be a prince. Be royalty. Be upright. Be yourself. Do not long to be someone else. This would turn out to be a challenge not just then but many times in the Hebrew future.

Often, Hebrews have been content to be themselves. But from time to time, they have come into contact with a civilisation whose intellectual, cultural and even spiritual sophistication was undeniable. It made them feel ‘awkward’, ‘inferior’, like a villager who comes to a city for the first time. Hebrews lapsed into the condition of Jacob. They wanted to be someone else, and rabbis did that and renamed us ‘Rabbinic Judaism’, which later became just ‘Jewish’. But according to Elohim, we are ‘Israelites’ and ‘Hebrews’, and not just from the tribe of Judah, as are twelve tribes!

The first time we hear this is in the words of the Prophet Ezekiel: “You say, ‘We want to be like the nations, like the peoples of the world, who serve wood and stone’. But what you have in mind will never happen” (Ezekiel. 20:32). In Babylon, the people encountered an impressive empire whose military and economic success contrasted radically with their own condition of exile and defeat. Sadly some wanted to stop being Hebrews and become someone else, well anyone else if possible.

We hear it again in the days of the Greeks. Some Hebrews sadly became Hellenised. We recognise that in the names of High Priests like Jason and Menelaus. Something similar happened in the days of Rome. Josephus was one of those who went over to the other side, though he remained a defender of Judaism.

It happened again during the Enlightenment. We the Hebrews fell in love with European culture. With philosophers like ‘Kant’ and ‘Hegel’, poets like ‘Goethe’ and ‘Schiller’, and musicians like ‘Mozart’ and ‘Beethoven’. Some were able to integrate this with faithfulness to our Hebraic creed and deed! The combined impact of intellectual challenge, social change, and incendiary anti-Semitism, was immense. Yet this was a Jacob response, not an Israel one.

It is happening today in large swathes of the Hebrew world. We have somehow have overachieved. Hebrews, with some notable exceptions, has underachieved. There are some at or near the top of almost every field of human endeavour today, but all too many have either ‘abandoned their religious heritage’ or are sadly ‘indifferent to it’. For them, being a Hebrew is a slender ethnicity, too thin to be transmitted to the future, too hollow to inspire.

We have waited so long for what we have today and have never had simultaneously before in all of our Hebraic history: ‘independence’ and ‘sovereignty’ in the state of Israel, ‘freedom’ and ‘equality’ in the ‘diaspora’. Almost everything that a hundred generations of our ancestors prayed for has been given to us. Will we really throw away our shot? Will we be ‘Hebrews’ or ‘Israelites’? Or will we show, to our shame, that we have not yet outlived the name of Jacob, the person who wanted to be someone else? Jacob was often fearful because he was not sure who he wanted to be, ‘himself’ or his ‘brother’. That is why אֱלֹהִים - Elohim said to him, “Let your name not be Jacob but Israel”. When you are afraid, and unsure of whom you are, you are Jacob. When you are strong in yourself, as yourself, you are Israel!

The fact that the Torah and tradition still use the word Jacob, not just Israel, tells us that the problem has not disappeared. Jacob seems to have wrestled with this throughout his life, and we still do today. It takes courage to be different, a minority, countercultural. It is easy to live for the moment like Esau, or to “be like the people of the world” as Ezekiel said.

I believe the challenge issued by the angel still echoes today. Are we Jacob, embarrassed by who we are? Or are we Israel, with the courage to stand upright and walk tall in the path of faith? However sadly, Israel today is sadly at large no longer very religious!

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Return unto Me, and I will return unto you, saith צְבָאוֹת- יְהוָה- the LORD of hosts” Mal’a’chi - Malachi 3:7. (JPS).

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שָׁלוֹם עֲלֵיכֶם Shalom Aleichem - Peace be with you!

Rabbi, Dr. Reuven Ben Avraham-Goossens, PhD.

 

 

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