Exodus-Chapter-28

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Remember the following truth from our beloved Torah!

Ye shall NOT ADD TO THE WORD which I command you, NEITHER SHALL YE DIMINISH FROM IT, that ye may keep the commandments of יְהוָה אֱלֹהֵיכֶם - the LORD your Eloleichem, which I command you”. Davarim - Deuteronomy 4:2. (JPS-1917).

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“Exodus Chapter 28”

With Rabbi, Dr. Reuven Ben Avraham-Goossens, PhD.

Introduction:

In Exodus Chapter 28, the narrative transitions from the architecture of the Tabernacle to the vestments of those who officiate within it. The priesthood is established as a formal institution, centred on Aaron and his descendants. The “holy garments” described are designed for “splendour and for beauty”, mirroring the gold, blue, purple, and scarlet of the sanctuary itself. These garments serve a dual purpose: they sanctify the priest for his service and act as a constant visual reminder that he carries the identity and the spiritual burden of the entire nation of Israel.

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Let us read Exodus Chapter 28, verses 1-43: Below the verses are the Explanation’s. (The Chapter is from JPS-1917 version of the Torah).

Verses 1-5: “And bring thou near unto thee Aaron thy brother, and his sons with him, from among the children of Israel, that they may minister unto Me in the priest’s office, even ‘Aaron’, ‘Nadab’ and ‘Abihu’, ‘Eleazar’ and ‘Ithamar’, Aaron’s sons. And thou shalt make holy garments for Aaron thy brother, for splendour and for beauty. And thou shalt speak unto all that are wise-hearted, whom I have filled with the spirit of wisdom, that they make Aaron’s garments to sanctify him, that he may minister unto Me in the priest’s office. And these are the garments which they shall make: a breastplate, and an ephod, and a robe, and a tunic of chequer work, a mitre, and a girdle; and they shall make holy garments for Aaron thy brother, and his sons, that he may minister unto Me in the priest’s office. And they shall take the ‘gold’, and the ‘blue’, and the ‘purple’, and the ‘scarlet’, and the fine ‘linen’.

Explanation Verses 1-5, These opening verses mark the formal designation of Aaron and his sons, Nadab, Abihu, Eleazar, and Ithamar as priests. Moses is instructed to bring them near from among the children of Israel to minister in the holy office. The craftsmen, endowed with “the spirit of wisdom”, are tasked with creating specific vestments: a breastplate, an ephod, a robe, a tunic of chequer work, a mitre, and a girdle. These items are crafted from the same high-quality materials used in the Tabernacle's interior, signifying that the priest is an extension of the sanctuary’s holiness.

Verses 6-14: And they shall make the ephod of gold, of blue, and purple, scarlet, and fine twined linen, the work of the skilful workman. It shall have two shoulder-pieces joined to the two ends thereof, that it may be joined together.  And the skilfully woven band, which is upon it, wherewith to gird it on, shall be like the work thereof and of the same piece: of gold, of blue, and purple, and scarlet, and fine twined linen. And thou shalt take two onyx stones, and grave on them the names of the children of Israelsix of their names on the one stone, and the names of the six that remain on the other stone, according to their birth. With the work of an engraver in stone, like the engravings of a signet, shalt thou engrave the two stones, according to the names of the children of Israel; thou shalt make them to be inclosed in settings of gold. And thou shalt put the two stones upon the shoulder-pieces of the ephod, to be stones of memorial for the children of Israel; and Aaron shall bear their names before יְהוָה - the LORD upon his two shoulders for a memorial. And thou shalt make settings of gold; and two chains of pure gold; of plaited thread shalt thou make them, of wreathen work; and thou shalt put the wreathen chains on the settings.

Explanation Verses 6-14, the Ephod is described as the primary outer garment, made of gold and fine twined linen. Of particular importance are the two onyx stones set upon the shoulder-pieces. These stones were engraved with the names of the twelve tribes of Israel, six names on each stone arranged according to their birth. By wearing these, Aaron would bear the names of the tribes before יְהוָה - the LORD upon his two shoulders for a memorial, symbolizing that the priest carries the strength and the collective weight of the nation when he serves.

Verses 15-30: And thou shalt make a breastplate of judgment, the work of the skilful workman; like the work of the ephod thou shalt make it: of gold, of blue, and purple, and scarlet, and fine twined linen, shalt thou make it. Four-square it shall be and double: a span shall be the length thereof, and a span the breadth thereof. And thou shalt set in it settings of stones, four rows of stones: a row of ‘carnelian’, ‘topaz’, and ‘smaragd’ shall be the first row; and the second row a ‘carbuncle’, a ‘sapphire’, and an ‘emerald’; and the third row a ‘jacinth’, an ‘agate’, and an ‘amethys’tand the fourth row a ‘beryl’, and an ‘onyx’, and a ‘jasper’; they shall be inclosed in gold in their settings. And the stones shall be according to the names of the children of Israel, twelve, according to their names; like the engravings of a signet, every one according to his name, they shall be for the twelve tribes. And thou shalt make upon the breastplate plaited chains of wreathen work of pure gold. And thou shalt make upon the breastplate two rings of gold, and shalt put the two rings on the two ends of the breastplate. And thou shalt put the two wreathen chains of gold on the two rings at the ends of the breastplate. And the other two ends of the two wreathen chains thou shalt put on the two settings, and put them on the shoulder-pieces of the ephod, in the forepart thereof. And thou shalt make two rings of gold, and thou shalt put them upon the two ends of the breastplate, upon the edge thereof, which is toward the side of the ephod inward. And thou shalt make two rings of gold, and shalt put them on the two shoulder-pieces of the ephod underneath, in the forepart thereof, close by the coupling thereof, above the skilfully woven band of the ephod. And they shall bind the breastplate by the rings thereof unto the rings of the ephod with a thread of blue, that it may be upon the skilfully woven band of the ephod, and that the breastplate be not loosed from the ephod. And Aaron shall bear the names of the children of Israel in the breastplate of judgment upon his heart, when he goeth in unto the holy place, for a memorial before יְהוָה - the LORD continually. And thou shalt put in the breastplate of judgment the Urim and the Thummim; and they shall be upon Aaron's heart, when he goeth in before יְהוָה - the LORD; and Aaron shall bear the judgment of the children of Israel upon his heart before יְהוָה - the LORD continually.

Explanation Verses 15-30, the Breastplate of Judgment was a square, doubled pouch set with four rows of precious stones, totalling twelve distinct gems. Each stone was engraved with the name of one of the tribes. This was fastened to the Ephod so it would rest directly over Aaron’s heart. Inside this pouch were placed the “Urim and the Thummim”. This arrangement ensured that Aaron bore the “judgment” of the children of Israel upon his heart continually, representing their needs, their presence, and the Divine guidance sought on their behalf.

Verses 31-35: And thou shalt make the robe of the ephod all of blue. And it shall have a hole for the head in the midst thereof; it shall have a binding of woven work round about the hole of it, as it were the hole of a coat of mail that it be not rent. And upon the skirts of it thou shalt make pomegranates of blue, and of purple, and of scarlet, round about the skirts thereof; and bells of gold between them round about: a golden bell and a pomegranate, a golden bell and a pomegranate, upon the skirts of the robe round about. And it shall be upon Aaron to minister; and the sound thereof shall be heard when he goeth in unto the holy place before יְהוָה - the LORD, and when he cometh out, that he die not.

Explanation Verses 31-35, the Robe of the Ephod was woven entirely of blue wool, with a reinforced opening at the top to prevent tearing. The hem was adorned with pomegranates of blue, purple, and scarlet, alternating with bells of pure gold. The sound of these bells was a functional requirement; it allowed the priest’s movements to be heard as he entered and departed the Holy Place. This sound heralded his approach and served as a safeguard, ensuring the service was performed with the proper awareness and transparency.

Verses 36-39: And thou shalt make a plate of pure gold, and engrave upon it, like the engravings of a signet: קֹדֶשׁ לַיהוָה - “HOLY TO יְהוָה - THE LORD”. And thou shalt put it on a thread of blue, and it shall be upon the mitre; upon the forefront of the mitre it shall be. And it shall be upon Aaron’s forehead, and Aaron shall bear the iniquity committed in the holy things, which the children of Israel shall hallow, even in all their holy gifts; and it shall be always upon his forehead, that they may be accepted before יְהוָה - the LORD. And thou shalt weave the tunic in chequer work of fine linen, and thou shalt make a mitre of fine linen, and thou shalt make a girdle, the work of the weaver in colours.

Explanation Verses 36-39, a plate of pure gold, referred to as the “holy crown’, was to be engraved with the words “Holy TO יְהוָה - THE LORD” and fastened to the forefront of Aaron’s mitre with a thread of blue. This plate rested upon his forehead, signifying that the High Priest bore any “iniquity of the holy things” offered by the people. This ensured that the gifts and sacrifices of Israel would always be accepted. Along with the plate, the tunic of fine linen and the mitre completed the distinctive appearance of the High Priest.

Verses 40-43: And for Aaron’s sons thou shalt make tunics, and thou shalt make for them girdles, and head-tires shalt thou make for them, for splendour and for beauty. And thou shalt put them upon Aaron thy brother, and upon his sons with him; and shalt anoint them, and consecrate them, and sanctify them, that they may minister unto Me in the priest’s office. And thou shalt make them linen breeches to cover the flesh of their nakedness; from the loins even unto the thighs they shall reach. And they shall be upon Aaron, and upon his sons, when they go in unto the tent of meeting, or when they come near unto the altar to minister in the holy place; that they bear not iniquity, and die; it shall be a statute for ever unto him and unto his seed after him.

Explanation Verses 40-43, the final instructions cover the garments for Aaron’s sons, which included ‘tunics’, ‘girdle’s, and ‘head-tires’, also intended for splendour and beauty. Additionally, linen breeches were required for all priests to ensure modesty during their service. These instructions conclude with the requirement to ‘anoint’, ‘consecrate’, and ‘sanctify the priests’, establishing a “statute for ever” for Aaron and his seed. This ensures that the service of the Tabernacle is always conducted with ‘physical’ and ‘spiritual dignity’.

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My Closing Message:

The garments of Exodus Chapter 28 remind us that the service of the community is a heavy but beautiful responsibility. By bearing the names of the tribes on both his shoulders and his heart, the High Priest demonstrated that true leadership requires both the strength to carry the people’s burdens and the empathy to hold them close to one’s heart. These laws of vestment ensure that the bridge between the people and the Divine is maintained with the highest degree of reverence and intentionality!

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For Elohim is the One who gave us our ... Life!”

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שָׁלוֹם עֲלֵיכֶם Shalom Aleichem - Peace be with you!

Rabbi, Dr. Reuven Ben Avraham-Goossens, PhD.

 

 

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